History Of Computers

      Since the first, the data processing has been done by humans. Humans also find tools to assist mechanics and electronics man in the calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we encounter today is a long evolution of human inventions from time immemorial in the form of mechanical or electronic devices.

 
     Currently the computer and its supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work. Existing computer now has a greater ability than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system at the counter supermarket shopping goods are able to read the code, which handles millions of telephone calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connects various places in the world.

History of Computers by periods :

    * Tools and Calculators Calculate Traditional Mechanical
    * First Generation Computers
    * Second Generation Computers
    * Third Generation Computers
    * Fourth Generation Computers
    * Fifth Generation Computer

1. First Generation Computers (1946 - 1959)
With the onset of World War II, the countries involved in the war sought to develop to exploit their potential strategic computer.
This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress.(1) Colassus(2) Mark I(3) ENIAC(4) EDVAC(5) UNIVAC I
Here are the characteristics of first generation computers :
- The use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large)- The existence of magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.- Operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task.- Each computer has a different kodebiner program called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and the speed limit.

2. Second Generation Computers (1959 - 1964)
Stretch and LARC
     The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand called LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting its popularity. 

    There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses singkatansingakatan to replace the binary code.
    In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. This second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
Here are the characteristics of second generation computers :
- Use of the transistor so that its size is smaller- The development of computer memory intimagnetik help the development of second generation of smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor- Replacement of the language into machine language Asembly- Appears COBOL and FORTRAN programming language.

3. Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1970)
     Although the transistor is in many ways the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which can potentially damage the computer's internal bagianbagian. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made from quartz sand.
    Scientists later managed to fit more components into a chiptunggal called a semiconductor. The result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
Here are the characteristics of a computer on the third generation :
- Use of the IC (Intregrated Circuit)- The size of computers become smaller- The discovery of Operating Systems

4. Fourth Generation Computers (1979 - present)
    After IC, the development of computers becomes more clear: shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip. UltraLarge Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to put so many components in a chip that berukurang half pushing coins falling computer prices and sizes. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability.
    Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with a microprocessor.
    Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer be a dominant big companies and government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer a product for their computers to the general public. This computer, called minicomputers, sold with software packages are easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
    In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continue its evolution toward smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).
    IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the fight over the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
    At the present time, we know the journey with the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, the way a new way to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networking allows a single computer to form electronic co-operation to complete an assignment process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
Here are the characteristics of a computer on the fourth generation :
• The use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI• The use of microprocessors
    Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the von Neumann model. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that enables the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
    Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institute ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) is also formed to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the computerized world paradigm.

 

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